Research and Technology

ce of low-carbon steel, which is then quenched so the case becomes hard and wear-resistant while the core stays tough. This guide covers the process steps, case depth versus time, types of carburizing, suitable steels, and common problems.

Surface hardening makes the outer layer of steel hard and wear-resistant while the core stays tough. This guide covers thermal and diffusion methods, how they compare, how to choose, and how case depth is measured.

Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) is brittle cracking that occurs when a susceptible material is under tensile stress in a specific corrosive environment. This guide covers its causes, types, real-world failures, testing, and prevention.

Aluminum resists corrosion because it is covered by an oxide film only a few nanometers thick. Aluminum corrosion happens when that film is broken down by chlorides, acidic or alkaline conditions, or contact with other metals.

Corrosion cannot be stopped forever, but it can be slowed until it no longer matters. Here are eight methods that work, and how to keep iron and steel from rusting.

Stir casting is the cheapest way to make a metal matrix composite, which is why it is the most studied. Here are the process steps, the parameters that matter, and the problems to expect.

The holes are small, but they can go straight through a pipe wall while the rest of the surface looks fine. Learn what pitting corrosion is, how it forms, which metals are at risk, and how to prevent it.

What happens when an alloy has five principal elements in equal proportions? Discover high-entropy alloys, their unique properties, and the challenges of casting them.

Unlike digital casting simulation, which predicts molten metal flow and solidification patterns at a macro scale, there is a far more detailed level of simulation: predicting how individual grain structure and phases form inside the metal during solidification. This is the domain of microstructure simulation, combining materials physics with computation to see what happens at

Not every casting defect means a part must be scrapped. For certain surface or near-surface defects, repair welding lets a part be saved without repeating the entire production cycle, as long as it follows the right procedure and applies to defect types that are actually allowed to be repaired. When Weld Repair Is Allowed Not